Who Is Best Associated With the Hull House

19th and 20th-century settlement firm in the United States

U.s. celebrated place

Hull House
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Chicago Landmark
Hull Business firm in the early 20th century
Location	800 S. Halsted, Chicago, Illinois
Coordinates	41°52′18″N 87°38′51″Westward  /  41.87167°N 87.64750°W  / 41.87167; -87.64750 Coordinates: 41°52′18″N 87°38′51″W  /  41.87167°N 87.64750°W  / 41.87167; -87.64750
Area	1 acre (0.forty ha)
Built	building built in 1856, establishment founded September 18, 1889
Architect	Pond and Swimming
Architectural way	Italianate[1]
NRHP referenceNo.	66000315[1]
Meaning dates
Added to NRHP	October fifteen, 1966[1]
Designated NHL	June 23, 1965[2]
Designated CL	June 12, 1974

Hull Firm was a settlement firm in Chicago, Illinois, United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located on the Near West Side of the metropolis, Hull Business firm (named subsequently the original house's beginning owner Charles Jerald Hull) opened to serve recently arrived European immigrants. Past 1911, Hull House had expanded to 13 buildings. In 1912 the Hull House complex was completed with the addition of a summer army camp, the Bowen Country Club.^{[3] [4] [5]} With its innovative social, educational, and artistic programs, Hull Firm became the standard bearer for the movement that had grown nationally, by 1920, to almost 500 settlement houses.^[half-dozen]

The Hull mansion and several subsequent acquisitions were continuously renovated to conform the changing demands of the clan. In the mid-1960s, most of the Hull House buildings were demolished for the construction of the University of Illinois-Chicago. The original building and one additional building (which has been moved 200 yards (182.9 thousand))^[7] survive today. On June 23, 1965, information technology was designated as a U.S. National Historic Landmark.^[eight] On October 15, 1966, the 24-hour interval that the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 was enacted, information technology was listed on the National Annals of Historic Places. On June 12, 1974, the surviving Hull mansion was designated as a Chicago Landmark.^[9]

Hull mansion was ane of the first 4 structures to be listed on both the Chicago Registered Historic Places and the National Annals of Historic Places list (along with Chicago Pile-1, Robie House & Lorado Taft Midway Studios).^[1] After The Hull House Association moved from the original buildings complex in the 1960s, information technology continued to provide social services in multiple locations throughout Chicago. It finally ceased operations in January 2012. The Hull mansion and a related dining hall, the only remaining survivors on the Hull House complex, are at present maintained every bit a history museum.

Mission [edit]

Addams followed the instance of Toynbee Hall, which was founded in 1884 in the East End of London every bit a center for social reform. She described Toynbee Hall as "a community of academy men" who, while living at that place, held their recreational clubs and social gatherings at the settlement house among the poor people and in the same style they would in their own circle.^[ten] Addams and Starr established Hull House as a settlement house on September eighteen, 1889.^[eleven]

In the 19th century a women's move began to promote education and autonomy, and to break into traditionally male-dominated occupations for women. Organizations led by women, bonded past sisterhood, were formed for social reform, including settlement houses such as Hull Firm, situated in working form and poor neighborhoods. To develop "new roles for women, the get-go generation of New Women wove the traditional ways of their mothers into the centre of their dauntless new world. The social activists, often single, were led by educated New Women.^[12]

Hull House became, at its inception in 1889, "a community of university women" whose main purpose was to provide social and educational opportunities for working class people (many of them recent European immigrants) in the surrounding neighborhood. The "residents" (volunteers at Hull were given this title) held classes in literature, history, art, domestic activities (such every bit sewing), and many other subjects. Hull House also held concerts that were free to everyone, offered free lectures on electric current issues, and operated clubs for both children and adults.

In 1892, Addams published her thoughts on what has been described as "the three R's" of the settlement firm movement: residence, enquiry, and reform. These involved "close cooperation with the neighborhood people, scientific report of the causes of poverty and dependence, advice of these facts to the public, and persistent pressure for [legislative and social] reform..."^[13] Hull House conducted careful studies of the Near Due west Side, Chicago customs, which became known every bit "The Hull Firm Neighborhood". These studies enabled the Hull Business firm residents to face the establishment, somewhen partnering with them in the design and implementation of programs intended to enhance and improve the opportunities for success past the largely immigrant population.^[fourteen]

According to Christie and Gauvreau (2001), while the Christian settlement houses sought to Christianize, Jane Addams, "had come to epitomize the strength of secular humanism." Her image was, however, "reinvented" by the Christian churches.^[15] According to the Jane Addams Hull-House Museum, "Some social settlements were linked to religious institutions. Others, like Hull-House [co-founded by Addams], were secular."^[xvi]

Hull House neighborhood [edit]

One of the get-go newspaper articles ever written Hull House^[17] quotes the following invitation sent to the residents of the Hull House neighborhood. It begins with: "Mio Carissimo Amico"...and is signed, Le Signorine, Jane Addams and Ellen Starr. That invitation to the community, written during the first year of Hull Firm's existence, suggests that the inner core of what Addams labeled "The Hull House Neighborhood" was overwhelmingly Italian at that time. "ten,000 Italians lived between the river and Halsted Street."^[eighteen]

Hull House community workshop poster, 1938

Past all accounts, the greater Hull House neighborhood (Chicago'due south Near Westward Side) was a mix of various ethnic groups that had immigrated to Chicago. At that place was no discrimination of race, language, creed, or tradition for those who entered the doors of the Hull House. Every person was treated with respect. The Bethlehem-Howard Neighborhood Heart records substantiate that, "Germans and Jews resided southward of that inner cadre (south of 12th street)…The Greek delta formed by Harrison, Halsted and Blue Island Streets served as a buffer to the Irish residing to the due south and the Canadian–French to the northwest. From the river on the e end, on out to the western ends of what came to exist known as "Niggling Italian republic", from Roosevelt Road on the southward to the Harrison Street delta on the north, became the port-of-telephone call for Italians who continued to immigrate to Chicago from the shores of southern Italy until a quota system was implemented in 1924 for most Southern Europeans.^[4]

The Greektown and Maxwell Street residents, forth with the remnants of other immigrant groups living on the outer fringes of the Hull House Neighborhood, disappeared long before the physical demise of Hull Firm. The exodus of virtually ethnic groups began shortly after the turn of the twentieth century. Their businesses, e.yard. Greektown and Maxwell Street, withal, remained. Italian Americans were the only immigrant group that endured as a vibrant on-going community. That community came to be known every bit "Footling Italian republic". Taylor Street's Piffling Italy, the inner core of Addams' "Hull Firm Neighborhood", remained as the laboratory upon which the social and philanthropic groups of Hull House elitists had tested their theories and formulated their challenges to the institution.^[3]

The synergy between Taylor Street's Piffling Italy and the Hull House circuitous; i.due east., the settlement house and its summertime camp, the Bowen State Society, is well documented.^[three] Dr. Alice Hamilton, an early on member of that aristocracy Hull House hierarchy, wrote in her autobiography, "Those Italian women knew what a baby needed, far better than my Ann Arbor professors did."^[19] The coincident literature between, among and almost members of Hull House'due south inner sanctum of sociologists and philanthropists is littered with such comments, reinforcing the human relationship that existed betwixt Taylor Street'southward Little Italia and Hull House. A review of the indigenous composition of those who registered for and utilized the services provided by the Hull Business firm complex, during its 74 years as a tenant of the nigh-west side, suggests an indigenous bias. Of the 257 known WWII veterans who were alumni of the Bowen Country Club, "virtually all had a vowel at the end of their names...denoting their Italian heritage."^[3]

A celebrated picture, "Run into the Hull House Kids," was taken on a summertime day in 1924 by Wallace Yard. Kirkland Sr., Hull House Director. He subsequently became a top photographer with Life. The xx Hull House Kids were erroneously described as young boys, of Irish ancestry, posing in the Dante School thousand on Forquer Street (now Arthington Street). Information technology circulated the world every bit a "poster child" of sorts for the Hull Firm social experiment. On April 5, 1987, over a one-half century later on, the Chicago Sun-Times refuted the contention that the Hull House Boys were of Irish ancestry. In doing and then, the Sunday-Times article listed the names of each of the young boys.^[xx] All twenty boys were first-generation Italian-Americans, all with vowels at the end of their names. "They grew up to be lawyers and mechanics, sewer workers and dump truck drivers, a processed store owner, a boxer and a mob dominate."

Because of the immigrants' loneliness for their homeland, Addams started hosting ethnic evenings at Hull House. This would include indigenous food, dancing, music, and maybe a short lecture on a topic of involvement. Some of the themed evenings were Italian, Greek, German language, Smoothen, etc. Ellen Gates Starr described one Italian evening every bit having the room packed full with people. Ane of the ladies who attended "recited a patriotic poem with not bad spirit" and anybody was moved by it.^[21]

Accomplishments [edit]

Jane Addams Hull-House Museum in 2006. The museum is located in and preserves the starting time building from which the Addams settlement took its name, Hull House, and one related structure. Boosted settlement facilities. which over-time grew up around the house, were removed in the 1960s.

Throughout the first ii decades, along with thousands of immigrants from the surrounding area, Hull House attracted many female residents who later became prominent and influential reformers at diverse levels.^[6] At the beginning, Addams and Starr volunteered as on-call doctors when the real doctors either didn't show up or weren't available. They acted as midwives, saved babies from neglect, prepared the expressionless for burial, nursed the ill, and sheltered domestic violence victims. For example, one Italian bride had lost her wedding band and in turn was beaten by her married man for a week. She sought shelter at the settlement and it was granted to her. Too, a baby built-in with a cleft palate was unwanted by his mother and so he was kept at the Hull Firm for six weeks after an performance. In another instance, a woman was most to give birth to an illegitimate baby, then none of the Irish matrons would touch it. Addams and Starr stepped in and delivered this helpless little one. Finally, a female Italian immigrant was so thrilled nearly fresh roses at one of the Hull House receptions that she insisted they had come from Italy. She had never seen anything equally cute in America despite the fact that she lived within x blocks of a florist shop. Her limited view of America came from the untidy street she lived on and the long struggle to adapt to American ways.^[22] The settlement was also gradually drawn into advocating for legislative reforms at the municipal, state and federal levels, addressing bug such as child labor, women'due south suffrage, healthcare reform and immigration policy. Some merits that the work of the Hull House marked the start of what we know today as "Social Welfare".^[23]

At the neighborhood level, Hull House established the city's get-go public playground, bathhouse, and public gymnasium (in 1893), pursued educational and political reform, and investigated housing, working, and sanitation bug.^[six] The playground opened on May 24-hour interval in 1893, located on Polk Street. Families dressed in party attire and came to join the celebration that day. Addams had studied child beliefs and painfully ended that "children robbed of childhood were probable to go dull, sullen men and women working mindless jobs, or criminals for whom the risk of crime became the merely mode to suspension out of the bleakness of their lives" ^[24] Addams' thinking regarding the importance of babyhood play opportunities contributed to a national chat about the need for playgrounds and a movement that started the Playground Association of America ^[25] Besides, i volunteer, Jenny Dow, started a kindergarten class for children left at the settlement while their mothers worked in the sweatshops. Within three weeks, Dow had 24 registered kindergartners and 70 on a waiting list.^[26] At the municipal level, their pursuit of legal reforms led to the start juvenile courtroom in the United States, and their work influenced urban planning and the transition to a co-operative library organisation.^[vi] At the state level Hull House influenced legislation on child labor laws, occupational safety and health provisions, compulsory education, immigrant rights, and pension laws.^[6] These experiences translated to success at the federal level, working with the settlement firm network to champion national kid labor laws, women's suffrage, a children's bureau, unemployment bounty, workers' compensation, and other elements of the Progressive agenda during the first two decades of the twentieth century.^[6]

Teachings [edit]

Women'south Club edifice, 1905

Children in line on a retaining wall at Hull House, 1908

Later, the settlement branched out and offered services to ameliorate some of the effects of poverty. A public clinic provided nutritious nutrient for the sick besides every bit a daycare centre and public baths. Among the courses Hull House offered was a bookbinding course, which was timely — given the employment opportunities in the growing printing trade.^[27] Hull Business firm was well known for its success in aiding American assimilation, especially with immigrant youth.^[28] Hull House became the center of the motility to promote paw workmanship as a moral regenerative force.^[29] Under the management of Laura Dainty Pelham their theater group performed the Chicago premiers of several plays past John Galsworthy, Henrik Ibsen, and George Bernard Shaw, and was given credit for founding the American Little Theatre Move.^[30] The success of Hull Business firm led Paul Kellogg to refer to the group as the "Great Ladies of Halsted Street".^[31]

The objective of Hull Business firm, equally stated in its charter, was: "To provide a center for a higher civic and social life; to constitute and maintain educational and philanthropic enterprises, and to investigate and meliorate the conditions in the industrial districts of Chicago."^[32]

The edifice and museum [edit]

Starr, 1914

Addams, 1915

Hull House was located in Chicago, Illinois, and took its proper noun from the Italianate mansion congenital by real estate magnate Charles Jerald Hull (1820–1889) at 800 South Halsted Street in 1856. The building was located in what had once been a stylish function of town, simply past 1889, when Addams was searching for a location for her experiment, it had descended into squalor. This was partly due to the rapid and overwhelming influx of immigrants into the Near Due west Side neighborhood. Charles Hull granted his former dwelling house to his niece Helen Culver, who in turn granted it to Addams on a 25-year rent-free lease. By 1907, Addams had caused 13 buildings surrounding Hull's mansion. Between 1889 and 1935, Addams and Ellen Gates Starr continuously redeveloped the building.^[7] In 1912, the Bowen Country Social club summer military camp was added to complete the Hull Firm circuitous.^{[ commendation needed ]} The facility remained at the original location until information technology was purchased in 1963 past what was then called the Academy of Illinois-Circumvolve Campus.^[33] The development of University of Illinois-Circle Campus required the sabotage of nearly of the Hull Firm buildings^[7] and the 1967 restoration to the original edifice by Frazier, Raftery, Orr and Fairbank removed Addams's tertiary floor addition. In addition to the mansion, of the dozen additional buildings just the craftsman style dining hall (congenital in 1905 and designed by Pond & Pond) survives and it was moved 200 yards (182.nine m) from its original site to be adjacent to the mansion.^{[vii] [34]}

The haunting of Hull House [edit]

Addams noted upon moving in that the building had a "one-half skeptical reputation for a haunted cranium."^[35] Over the years, numerous stories of ghosts and hauntings have surrounded Hull House, making it a end on many of the "ghosts in Chicago" tours. Charles Hull'due south married woman had died in the house in 1860, and is sometimes thought to haunt it.^[36] Other candidates for resident ghosts include the many people who died there of natural causes in the 1870s when it was used as a home for the aged past the Petty Sisters of the Poor.^[36]

In 1913, another Hull House ghost story began circulating. According to this legend, afterwards a man claimed that he would rather take the Devil in his business firm than a picture of The Virgin Mary, his child was born with pointed ears, horns, scale-covered skin, and a tail. The mother was said to accept taken the baby to Hull House, where Addams was said to accept attempted to have it baptized and wound up locking it in the cranium.^[37] While initially annoyed nearly the story, which had no basis in fact, Addams became fascinated by the effect the episode had on quondam women in the neighborhood and used the episode as a basis for her book The Long Road of Woman'south Retention.^[38]

While a great many erroneous stories have circulated about the building, Addams is known to have spoken to several friends about one of the front bedrooms on the second flooring being haunted – she and a friend once thought they saw a "adult female in white" ghost there, and the same ghost was afterwards seen by a group of girls when the room was used as a dressing room for the adjacent theater. Though Addams called information technology "haunted," she seems to take been more amused than frightened by it.^[36]

Theater [edit]

Addams felt that the customs benefits from theater plays and thus established an amateur theater in the Hull Firm in 1899.^[39] "The neighborhood Greeks performed the classic plays of antiquity in their own language and the children of European immigrants produced Shakespeare" too as others.^[40] Early on 1 December, the Greeks performed Odysseus in Chicago. The auditorium was filled with a multi-ethnic crowd and packed too close for comfort. The audience was very eager and gave the performers "rapt attention."^[41] They watched neighbors and co-workers execute this primitive play, but it was very powerful, plausible, and personal. The actors seemed to pay "tribute to a noble beginnings" and plea for the respect of the audience.^[41] Indeed, they did gain this respect because it was said that non even trained college students could give the same play with equally much zeal and patriotism.^[41] Chicago's noted improvisational theatre scene has roots in Hull House, as Viola Spolin, noted improvisational techniques teacher, taught classes at Hull House.^[42] In 1963, when road tours of Broadway productions became common, the Hull House Theater in the Jane Addams Center at 3212 Due north Broadway fostered the development of Chicago Theater companies for the rest of the century.^[39] Founder Robert Sickinger created an environment to nourish young talent with professionalism.^[43]

1930s to 2012 [edit]

Addams was head resident until her decease in 1935. Hull Firm connected to serve the community surrounding the Halsted location until it was displaced by the urban co-operative campus of the University of Illinois in the 1960s. Until 2012, the social service center part was performed throughout the city at various locations under an umbrella arrangement, the Jane Addams Hull Business firm Association.^[half-dozen] The original Hull House edifice itself is a museum, part of the Higher of Architecture and the Arts at the Academy of Illinois at Chicago, and is open to the public.

The Jane Addams Hull House Clan was one of Chicago'due south largest nonprofit social welfare organizations. Its mission was to amend social weather for underserved people and communities by providing creative, innovative programs and by advocating for related public policy reforms. The Association had more than fifty programs at over 40 sites throughout Chicago and served approximately 60,000 individuals, families, and community members every yr.^[44]

The Jane Addams Hull-House Museum is part of the College of Architecture and the Arts at the Academy of Illinois at Chicago and serves as a memorial to Addams and other resident social reformers, whose work influenced the lives of their immigrant neighbors, as well as national and international public policy. The museum and its programs connect the work of Hull Firm residents to of import contemporary social issues. The Museum's collection includes over one,100 artifacts related to Hull House history and over 100 oral interviews conducted with people who have shared their stories virtually Hull Firm and the surrounding neighborhood.^[45]

Hull House Association Closure [edit]

Because of its heavy reliance on public support—as much equally 85 percent of its revenue came from such sources—had essentially become an arm of government, unlike anything Ms. Addams might recognize today.^[46] When Clarence Woods, then the caput of Chicago's Homo Relations Commission, took over in 2000, he promised to movement toward more than private fundraising. But that effort appears to have failed to bring in more than a few million dollars in any given year, bookkeeping for less than 10 percent of the agency's funding in most of the last decade, according to financial statements filed with the IRS and the Illinois attorney full general's office.^[47]

On January xix, 2012, it was appear that Jane Addams Hull House Association would shut in the leap of 2012 and file for bankruptcy due to financial difficulties, later almost 122 years.^[48] On Friday, Jan 27, 2012, Hull Business firm closed unexpectedly and all employees received their last paychecks.^[49] Employees learned at time of closing that they would not receive severance pay or earned vacation pay or healthcare coverage.^[50] Union officials said that the agency closed while attributable employees more than than $27,000 in unpaid expense reimbursement claims.^[51] The University of Illinois at Chicago's Jane Addams Hull-House Museum (unaffiliated with the agency), withal, remains open.^[52]

Selected notable residents [edit]

• Edith Abbott
• Grace Abbott
• Jane Addams
• Ethel Percy Andrus
• Enella Benedict
• Neva Boyd
• Sophonisba Breckinridge
• Charlotte E. Carr, head resident 1937-1942
• Cornelia De Bey
• Dorothy Detzer
• Emily Edwards (de Cantabrana)
• Julia I. Felsenthal
• Pauline Gibling Schindler
• Charlotte Perkins Gilman
• Henry Continuing Bear
• Alice Hamilton
• Florence Kelley
• Mary Kenney O'Sullivan
• Julia Lathrop
• Dorothy Loeb
• Robert Morss Lovett^[53]
• Mary McDowell
• Ernest Carroll Moore, founder and first provost of UCLA
• Willard Motley
• Frances Perkins
• Adena Miller Rich, head resident 1935-1937
• Eleanor Clarke Slagle, founder of occupational therapy
• Viola Spolin
• Alzina Stevens
• Gerard Swope, General Electric Company (1922–1939)^[54]
• Victor Yarros and Rachelle Yarros

Selected notable alumni [edit]

• Benny Goodman^[55]

Come across likewise [edit]

• Jane Addams Burial Site
• John H. Addams
• John H. Addams Homestead
• History of social work
• Hull House Music School

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} "National Annals Data System". National Register of Celebrated Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
2. ^ "Hull House". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
3. ^ ^{a b c d} "Home Page". Taylor Street Archives. Archived from the original on Oct 20, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2021. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
4. ^ ^{a b} Hull Business firm Museum
5. ^ Jane Addams, Xx Years at Hull Firm
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f thousand} Johnson, Mary Ann (2004). "Hull House". In Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society.
7. ^ ^{a b c d} Schulte, Franz and Kevin Harrington, Chicago's Famous Buildings, fifth edition, University of Chicago Printing, 2004, pp. 212–iii, ISBN 0-226-74066-8.
8. ^ "Hull House". National Park Service. Archived from the original on November 14, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2007.
9. ^ "Jane Addams' Hull House". Metropolis of Chicago Section of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. Archived from the original on August three, 2001. Retrieved March 6, 2007.
10. ^ Polikoff, Barbara Garland. With One Assuming Act : The Story of Jane Addams, p. 55, New York: Boswell Books, 1999.
11. ^ Johnson, Mary Ann. "Hull House". Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
12. ^ Carroll Smith-Rosenberg. Disorderly Behave: Visions of Gender in Victorian America. Oxford University Press; 1986. ISBN 978-0-19-504039-5. p. 255.
13. ^ Wade. Louise C. (Wintertime 1967). "The Heritage from Chicago's Early on Settlement Houses". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Guild. lx (iv): 411–441, 414. JSTOR 40190170.
14. ^ "Hull-Business firm Maps Its Neighborhood". The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Guild. 2005. Retrieved March 26, 2007.
15. ^ Christie, C., Gauvreau, Thousand. (2001). A Full-Orbed Christianity: The Protestant Churches and Social Welfare in Canada, 1900–1940 McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, January 19, 2001 pg 107
16. ^ "landing folio". Jane Addams Hull-Firm Museum . Retrieved March 25, 2018.
17. ^ Chicago Tribune, May 19, 1890.
18. ^ Jane Addams, Images of Hull House, p. x.
19. ^ Hamilton, Alice (1943). Exploring the Dangerous Trades – The Autobiography of Alice Hamilton, Grand.D. Boston, MA: Little, Chocolate-brown and Visitor. p. 69.
20. ^ Michael Cordts, "Meet the 'Hull House Kids'", Chicago Sun-Times, Sunday, April 5, 1987, page 6.
21. ^ Polikoff, Barbara Garland. With One Bold Act : The Story of Jane Addams, p. 76, New York: Boswell Books, 1999.
22. ^ Addams, Jane, and Ruth W. Messinger. Twenty Years at Hull-House, p. 72-73, New York: Signet Classics, 1999.
23. ^ Jackson, Shannon. "Theorizing: 'The Scaffolding'." Lines of Action Performance, Historiography, Hull House Domesticity. Ann Arbor: the University of Michigan Press, 2001 as cited at http://louisville.edu/a-s/english/haymarket/stanton/bibpage.html on March 28, 2007.
24. ^ Polikoff, Barbara Garland. With One Assuming Deed : The Story of Jane Addams, p. 124-126, New York: Boswell Books, 1999.
25. ^ "Playground Association of America: Early on Days - Social Welfare History Project". vcu.edu. August 21, 2012. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
26. ^ Polikoff, Barbara Garland. With One Bold Human action : The Story of Jane Addams, p. 74, New York: Boswell Books, 1999.
27. ^ Gehl, Paul F. (2004). "Book Arts". In Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Club.
28. ^ Gems, Gerald R. (2004). "Clubs: Youth Clubs". In Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Lodge.
29. ^ Darling, Sharon S. (2004). "Arts and Crafts Move". In Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice Fifty. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Club.
30. ^ Peggy Glowacki and Julia Hendry, Images of America: Hull-House, Arcadia Publishing, Chicago, Illinois, 2004 p. 34, ISBN 0-7385-3351-3
31. ^ McMillen, Wayne (2007). "SSA Tour: Edith Abbott". The University of Chicago School of Social Service Assistants. Archived from the original on Dec xxx, 2006. Retrieved January 7, 2007.
32. ^ All ACUA Staff (2007). "Hull Business firm Settlement House Questionnaire, 1893". The Cosmic University Of America. Archived from the original on November 30, 2006. Retrieved March 26, 2007.
33. ^ "Jane Addams' Hull House". City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007. Retrieved January 3, 2007.
34. ^ Sinkevitch, Alice, AIA Guide To Chicago, second edition, A Harcourt Original, 2004, pp. 301–2, ISBN 0-15-222900-0.
35. ^ J. Addams, 20 Years at Hull House, (New York: MacMillan & Co., 1910), ch.5.
36. ^ ^{a b c} "Ghosts of Hull House: Mysteries and Myths. New ebook and podcast!". The Chicago Unbelievable Blog. Retrieved March 11, 2011.
37. ^ J. Addams, "The Long Road of Woman'due south Retention," New York, MacMillan & Co., 1917, ch.i
38. ^ Selzer, Adam (Oct 8, 2012). Your Neighborhood Gives Me the Creeps: True Tales of an Accidental Ghost Hunter. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 86. ISBN978-0-7387-1557-5 . Retrieved January 24, 2019.
39. ^ ^{a b} Christiansen, Richard (2004). "Theater Companies". In Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society.
40. ^ Haldeman-Julius, Marcet. Jane Addams As I Knew Her (Chiliad Rapids: Kessinger, LLC, 1999 [1934]), p. four.
41. ^ ^{a b c} "Hull-House Retrospect", Hull-Business firm Message Iv, no. one (1900), northward.p. Urban Experience In Chicago: Hull-House and Its Neighborhoods. 25 April. 2006. Academy of Illinois at Chicago. Fall 2008 <http://www.uic.edu/jaddams/hull/urbanexp/contents.htm>.
42. ^ Richard Sisson; Christian K. Zacher; Andrew Robert Lee Cayton (Nov 8, 2006). The American Midwest. ISBN0253003490.
43. ^ Telli, Andrea; Richard Pettengill (2004). "Acting, Ensemble". In Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L. (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society.
44. ^ "Who We Serve". Jane Addams Hull House Association. Archived from the original on June 6, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2020. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
45. ^ "Jane Addams Hull House Museum". University of Illinois at Chicago. Retrieved Oct 22, 2008.
46. ^ West, Maureen (Feb 2, 2012). "What Would Founder Jane Addams Remember of Hull House Demise?". The Chronicle of Philanthropy.
47. ^ Ford, 50., & Thayer, Grand. (2012, January 21). Reliance on shrinking government funds doomed Hull House: Longtime social service agency no longer able to balance its books. Chicago Tribune. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-01-21/news/ct-met-hull-house-closes-20120121_1_hull-firm-state-funding-jane-addams
48. ^ Thayer, Kate (January nineteen, 2012). "Jane Addams Hull House to close". Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 20, 2012.
49. ^ "Hull Business firm closes after more than 120 years". Fort Wayne News-Sentinel. January 28, 2012. Archived from the original on January 11, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
50. ^ "Jane Addams Hull House closing doors". ABC News Chicago. Jan 27, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
51. ^ "Hull Business firm endmost Fri". Chicago Tribune. Jan 25, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2012.
52. ^ Webber, Tammy (January 27, 2012). "Hull House Closes Doors Later More than Than 120 Years". ABC News. Retrieved January 29, 2012.
53. ^ Famous American Women: A Biographical Dictionary from Colonial Times to the Present
54. ^ Mary Hill Swope Papers, University of Illinois Chicago – Richard J. Daley Library Special Collections and University Athenaeum http://www.uic.edu/depts/lib/specialcoll/services/rjd/findingaids/MSwopef.html .
55. ^ "Biographies: Benny Goodman". JAZZ—A Film by Ken Burns. PBS. Archived from the original on December 28, 2012. Retrieved January v, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

External links [edit]

• In the Vicinity of Maxwell Halsted Streets 1890-1930
• Jane Addams Hull-House Museum
• Jane Addams Hull Firm Association
• Twenty Years at Hull Firm online editions
  • Hull Firm at Standard Ebooks
  • Twenty Years at Hull House, past Jane Addams, MacMillan & Co, 1910, at Project Gutenberg
  • Twenty Years at Hull House public domain audiobook at LibriVox
• Eleanor Smith's Hull Business firm Songs: The Music of Protestation and Promise in Jane Addams's Chicago, by Cassano (Graham), Lunin Schultz (Rima) and Payette (Jessica), Leiden: Brill, 2019
• The Pots of Promise Exhibit
• Urban Experience In Chicago: Hull-Business firm and Its Neighborhoods, 1889–1963
• Hull House Jubilee Commodity
• Taylor Street Archives: UIC: Flawed History
• Bowen State Club – digital images from the UIC Library collections
• Hull-House Yearbook – digital images from the UIC Library collections
• Closing of Hull House
• Staff Interview on Endmost of Hull House

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_House